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Shropshire
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Shropshire Roads |
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Roman Roads
Roman roads were
originally constructed by the Roman army to allow the legions to move quickly
about the country. Repair and
maintenance was the responsibility of officials called curatores viarum and the cost was
borne by the local settlement whose territory the road crossed. From time to
time, the roads would be completely resurfaced and might even be entirely
rebuilt. There
seems to be no standard width to a Roman road but major roads in Britain would typically be
1626ft in width. Watling Street averaged 33ft wide but it probably
depended on the local geography.
Construction started with the stripping of topsoil
and then a raised carriageway (agger) was built using local materials,
preferably sand or gravel. It was bordered by deep ditches to take rainwater
and keep the road structure as dry as possible. The strips of
ground between the agger and
the boundary ditches were used by pedestrians and animals, thus only roughly
surfaced. The agger was then covered
with broken stones (metalling) which was in two layers.
The bottom layer consisted of medium-sized stones and the top was
compacted gravel. If stone was readily available locally, the road surface
might even be paved. The average depth of metalling was about 20 inches. The Antonine Itinerary was a register of the stations and distances
along the various roads of the Roman empire, containing directions how to get
from one Roman settlement to another. It was probably prepared at the
beginning of the 3rd Century under the patronage of Antoninus
Pius, hence the name. The British section (Iter Britanniarum) was the first road map of Roman Britain.
There are 15 itineraries, 3 of which pass through Shropshire. The itinerary
measures distances in Roman miles, where 1,000 Roman paces equals one Roman
mile. A Roman pace was two steps and 1 Roman mile equals 4,690ft or 1,430m. Itinerary II - Portum Ritupis (Richborough) to Blatobulgio
(Birrens) in Scotland . Pennocrucio Uxacona 12 miles Uxacona Viroconium 11 miles Viroconium Rutinium 11 miles Rutinium Mediolanum 12 miles Mediolanum Bovio 20 miles Itinerary X Mediolanum
(Whitchurch) to Clanoventum (Ravenglass)
Mediolanum Condate 19 miles Itinerary XII Viroconium
(Wroxeter) to Muridonium (Carmarthen)
Viroconium Bravonium 27 miles 1) Viroconium
Uxacona (Redhill) - Pennocrucium
(Penkridge) This was part of Iter II in the Antonine
Itineraries and continued to Dubris (Dover) via Londinium (London). It is
known as Watling Street and remained in use as the modern A5, although
diverted to reach Shrewsbury rather than Wroxeter. Viroconium (SJ566093) Wheathill
(SJ590099) The route is overlain by the modern minor
road from Wroxeter and then the B5061 for a short distance. Wheathill (SJ590099) Burcotgate (SJ620106) A short length of broad, low agger runs
for about 150m across the field towards Blue Bell House. The OS map shows a
short length of surviving agger beyond this but the route over the top of
Overley Hill was destroyed when building the new A5 dual carriageway. It was
sectioned at SJ61501057 and four Roman road surfaces were found. A trench at
SJ61801057 found red clay and pebbles, with rutted layers of pebbles and
gravel above. These are the remains of the Roman road and were overlain by
the remains of the post medieval turnpike road. Burcotgate (SJ620106) Haygate
(SJ640107) The route is overlain by the old A5 road
(now renamed B5061). Road widening at SJ63611067 exposed the cobbled remnants
of a road 30ft wide and a trench at SJ640107 revealed a Roman road surface. Haygate (SJ640107) Uxacona (SJ723108) The route follows the line of the old
A5 road but this in turn has been destroyed in places by past mining
operations and modern road improvements. A sewer trench in Oakengates found
the remains of the Roman road surface but nothing is visible. Uxacona (SJ723108) Stretton
Wharf (SJ872107) The route is
overlain by the modern A5 road up to the county border in the direction of Pennocrucium, where it passes
under the Shropshire Union Canal bridge. Along the way it passes the
Burlington Marching Camps at SJ779106. 2) Viroconium
Rutinium (Harcourt Mill) Mediolanum
(Whitchurch) Deva (Chester) This was part of Iter II in the Antonine
Itineraries and continued beyond Chester up to Blatobulgio (Birrens) in
Scotland. Viroconium (SJ566093) Duncote Farm
(SJ571115) The route is overlain by the modern B4394
to Norton and Atcham Industrial Estate. Beyond here the route is obscure. Duncote Farm (SJ571115) to Rodington
(SJ571141) This is where the road crosses of the
River Tern (as does the modern A5 dual carriageway) and Roman masonry has
been dredged from the river. There are stretches of possible agger on the
north side of the river and a cutting on the river terrace marking the road's
approach from the south. The previous sharp alignment of the river (since
straightened) at this point may have originally been caused by the presence
of an agger (possibly a substantial one leading to a bridge) acting as a dam.
If so, then the river crossing would be expected in the area of the old mill
pool. Beyond the river, field boundaries and the name "Drury
Lane" near Rodington indicate the route. Rodington (SJ571141) to Roden (SJ567166) The route follows field boundaries
and passes to the west of Roden Nurseries. Beyond the B5062, visible traces
disappear but it crossed a stream here. Roden (SJ567166) to Poynton Green
(SJ563186) The route follows field boundaries
and traces of an agger indicate the line. Excavations showed a gravel road, 20ft
wide and 9-12 inches thick, buried at a depth of 18 inches. Poynton Green (SJ563186) to Moreton
Corbet (SJ558233) The route follows the line of the modern
roads. Moreton Corbet (SJ558233) to Rutunium
(SJ557247) The OS map shows a length of surviving
agger. There was a Roman settlement at
Rutunium and this is where the route crossed the River Roden. Rutunium (SJ557247) to Moston (SJ556266) The OS map shows a length of surviving
agger on
the east bank of the Roden. A road 9ft
wide was found during the draining of the moor and here the remains of two
Roman milestones were found Moston (SJ556266) to Holloway (SJ554281) The route is obscure but part of it
probably followed the line of the modern A49. Holloway (SJ554281) to Prees Green (SJ556305) The OS map shows a length of surviving
agger. Prees Green (SJ556305) to Edgeley (SJ551395) The route more or less follows the
line of the modern A49. The present day
Heath Road overlies it but a strip up to 3m wide survived alongside the
western edge of the modern road. The ditches and pebble yards of a
Romano-British settlement appeared alongside the road shortly after its
construction. The northern limit of the settlement was marked by a stream,
apparently forded by the Roman road. Edgeley (SJ551395) to Mediolanum Fort
(SJ541416) The route follows the line of the modern
B5395 to where the fort once stood.
Along its route, excavations have revealed cobbled surfaces near the
High Street at SJ541414 and SJ54204147. Mediolanum Fort (SJ541416) to Higher Wych
(SJ507444) The route follows the line of the modern
B5395 to Grindley Brook, where the OS map shows a length of surviving agger
up to the county order in the direction of Deva. 3)
Viroconium
Bravonium (Leintwardine) This was part of Iter
XII in the Antonine Itineraries and continued beyond Bravonium to Muridono
(Carmarthen). It is often called
Watling Street West, since it connected to Watling Street at Viroconium. Viroconium (SJ566093) Cross Houses
(SJ548065) The route crossed the River Severn by a
bridge at SJ561082 and, just west of the river, the road was found at a
depth of 18 inches below the surface.
The
OS map shows a length of surviving agger up to the modern A458 road and this
can be followed along a green lane and footpath. Cross Houses (SJ548065) Blackpits
(SJ540046) The route is not clear but it probably
continued in a straight line until it meets the modern minor road. This road perhaps follows the line of the
Roman road as it swung south to cross the Row Brook at Upper Cound. From
there, the route is not clear but it must have closely followed the minor
road towards Pitchford. Blackpits (SJ540046) Acton Burnell
(SJ521021) The OS map shows
a length of surviving agger which passes by Pitchford. It crossed a stream at SJ52500255 and the bridge abutment
survives as large dressed stones on south bank. Acton Burnell (SJ521021) Church
Stretton (SO457936) The route is overlain by the modern minor
road that runs through Frodesley and Hollyhurst, to join the modern A49 road
and thence to Church Stretton. A section was cut across the road here and the
Roman road was found to be 16ft wide and composed of 8 inches of gravel lying
on a layer of stones about 4 inches thick. There was little sign of traffic
on the surface, which was marked by a blue mud line about 1½ inches thick.
Above this was a rough layer of stones, followed by 2ft of gravel. The
surface above this was roughly and imperfectly metalled. Church Stretton (SO457936) Stretford
Bridge (SO432846) The route is overlain by the modern A49
as it heads south through Little Stretton to Marshbrook. Where the road bends south, the route
continues straight on across the fields to Bushmoor. A footpath follows the route and the OS map
shows it as a surviving agger. The
route continues to Wistanstow along a minor road and crosses the River Onny at Stretford
Bridge. Although the name implies a
bridge, the separate parts Stret (road)
and Ford indicate that it was only a ford in Roman times. The
importance of this crossing is shown by the fact that there were three
marching camps nearby at Cheney Longville and Stretford Bridge. Stretford Bridge (SO432846) Shelderton
(SO402768) The route parallels the A49
for a short distance to Newington and the OS map shows that it follows a
minor road south-west. This continues
past Clungunford to just south of Shelderton, where it leaves the road and
heads due south the county boundary at Shelderton, in the direction of
Bravonium.
There has been a great deal of argument
over the years about the route of this road and it has never been definitely
confirmed. The route around Shrewsbury is especially confusing, since Roman
remains have been found in different areas.
Possibly there was another road of which we are not aware. Viroconium (SJ566093) Kingstreet
(SJ520075) The route probably followed the Bravonium
road over the Severn bridge as far as the A458 and then headed north past Berrington to King
Street. The route of this section is
unclear. Kingstreet (SJ520075) Washford
(SJ480099) The OS map shows a straight path to
Betton Abbotts that is probably the line of the route. From here, it follows a
similar path down to Bomere Pool and then to a settlement at Sharpstones Hill
(SJ489097). A segment of road was
excavated here and a series of thin, compacted pebble surfaces were found. The maximum width was 4.8m but the road had
gradually been encroached upon by the roadside settlement. The road had a
distinct camber but no obvious drainage gullies at the side. Shallow traces of wheel ruts were
apparent. From here the route went to
Washford. Washford (SJ480099) Day House Farm
(SJ463102) At this point the route crosses the Rea
Brook, in the bank of which it is possible to see stone from the road. From here, it headed in a north-west
direction to the south of Nobold Hall Farm and a track follows its route. Arial photography shows a low linear earthwork
resembling an agger to the south-east of Day House Farm and two parallel
east-west ditches to the south-west of the farm on the same alignment. The OS
map in fact shows the Roman road to the north but this is wrong, unless it is
a completely different road. Day House Farm (SJ463102) - Cruckton
(SJ429105) The route heads westwards at this point
and appears as a cropmark near Hanwood Bank between SJ45721026 and
SJ45451032. The OS map shows a
surviving agger heading west from SJ441105 to Cruckton, where there was a
settlement. Cruckton (SJ429105) Westbury (SJ359094) The route is overlain by the modern
B4386, which it follows through Yockleton to Westbury. A possible earlier
road surface was seen in the village of Nox and between Yockleton and Stoney
Stretton, the early road surface consisted of pebbles and gravel embedded on
a formation of red clay sitting on top of natural subsoil. This formation is
identical to several other excavated Roman road sites and therefore probably
belongs to the Roman period. Between Stoney Stretton and Westbury, the early
road material consisted of cobbles and broken rock, with a gravel and pebble
surface. Westbury (SJ359094) Stockton (SJ263010) A trench at Brook Cottage in Westbury
revealed a surviving pebble surface below 18th Century garden
soil. A
northerly route from here via Vennington has been proposed but not generally
accepted. The commonly agreed route heads south-west and a 150m long
section is visible at SJ351083. From here, the route follows a track and minor
road through Aston Rogers and Aston Piggott to the B4386 at Little
Worthen. It then follows the B4386
through Worthen
to Marton, where the modern road has been diverted for a short distance. It
then continues along the B4386 and a minor road to the county boundary at
Stockton, in the direction of Forden Gaer. 5) Sharpstone Hill
Pant Rhyn Park Forts This road linked the Roman settlement at
Sharpstone Hill with the Llanymynech Ogof copper mine at Pant and the forts
at Rhyn Park. Sharpstone Hill (SJ489097) Pant
(SJ273220) The route ran from Sharpstone Hill via Washford
(SJ480099), where a ford crosses the Rea Brook, and on to Meole Brace. Interestingly, the modern road from Meole
Brace to Copthorne is called Roman Road.
From Copthorne, the route follows Shelton Road to the A458 and then on
to Ford. From Ford, it follows the
B4393 to Alberbury and then on to the A483 and north to Pant. From here, a
side road led to the Llanymynech
Ogof. Pant (SJ273220) Rhyn Park Forts (SJ306370) From here, the route continues
along the A483 northwards to Morda (SJ289265) and then the B5069 through
Oswestry. North of Oswestry, the route
rejoins the line of the A453 and continues to Rhyn Park Forts. 6)
Mediolanum Fort
(Whitchurch) Pennocrucium (Stretton) This road was called The Longford" and it
linked the road from Viroconium to Deva with Watling Street. Mediolanum Fort (SJ541416)
Bletchley (SJ622335) The route follows the road to
Viroconium for a short distance to Heath Cottage (SJ556385), where it branches
off left along a minor road to Twemlows Hall and then across the fields to
Bletchley. The latter section is not obvious and has been ploughed out. There is supposed to be a short section of
agger near Heath Farm, which may be at SJ589365. Bletchley (SJ622335) Hinstock
(SJ689269) From Bletchley, the route follows the
line of the A41 through Ternhill and Shakeford to Hinstock. Hinstock (SJ689269) Whitleyford Bridge
(SJ745238) At this point, the A41 turns south
but the route continues straight through fields and along minor roads past
Ashfields to Ellerton. At SJ720255, the route follows the county boundary and
it is marked on the OS map as a Roman road. It leaves Shropshire at
Whitleyford Bridge in the direction of Pennocrucium (SJ902107). 7) Marshbrook
- Ariconium (Weston-under-Penyard) This road linked the Roman settlement at
Ariconium (SO6423) with Watling Street West. Marshbrook (SO442898) Strefford Ford
(SO444855) The route leaves Watling Street West at
Marshbrook and heads south, following a lane through Marsh Wood. An
excavation at SO444891 found a well-made level surface cut out of solid
rock. It continues past Marsh Farm to
Felhampton and this section was destroyed when building the railway. The route
now parallels the A49 to the east and an excavation 100 yards south of
Felhampton found a well-made stone surface.
At Upper Affcot there was a marching camp and south of here the route
follows a farm lane. An excavation at SO446860 showed a road, 11ft wide, made
of large cobbles set in firm clay. In Strefford, the route joins a minor road
down to the ford. Strefford Ford (SO444855) Onibury
(SO454792) The route fords the Quinney Brook here
and follows the line of minor roads through Lower and Upper Dinchope to
Greenway Cross. At this point it crosses the Roman road from Greensforge to
Levobrinta. It continues along a minor
road through Norton to Onibury, where there is a junction with the road to
Watling Street West at Shelderton. Onibury (SO453790) Ludford (SO514741) The route turns sharp left here and
follows a minor road runs to the north-east of the railway. It passes Ludlow
Racecourse and a marching camp at Bromfield.
The route passes through the centre of Ludlow along Old Street and
Corve Street to a ford at Ludford. Ludford (SO514741) Between Ludford (SO51407400) and Overton
(SO51507160) the route follows the course of the old Ludlow-Hereford road
which, prior to 1832, ran to the east of the present road and adjacent to the
River Teme. Its line can still be traced through field boundaries. From
Overton, it runs southwards along the line of the A49 to the county border at
Brimfield in the direction of Ariconium. 8)
Greensforge - Levobrinta (Forden
Gaer) and Caersws This road was probably constructed early in
the Roman occupation, during the pacification of the Welsh tribes. It would
allow legions to move quickly into the heart of Wales. Greensforge (SO863886) White Cross
(SO814911) The line of the road heads north-west,
being overlain by a minor road, and enters Shropshire just east of White
Cross. White Cross (SO814911) Woundale
(SO769934) The route follows a minor road as far as
Broughton and continues in a straight line towards Claverley. The surface was
found in an excavation at SO797924. It then follows the line of a minor road
south of Sandford and Chyknell. Woundale (SO769934) Bridgnorth
(SO718930) At this point, the modern road turns
right and the route continues straight on, following farm tracks to
Roughton. Here, it bends sharp left
and heads south of Swancote, where it is overlain by the modern A454 and
B4363. It followed the line of the
B4363 down the cliffs and crossed the River Severn by a bridge, probably
located near the existing one. Bridgnorth (SO718930) Ash Bridge
(SO666942) From the bridge, the route has been
destroyed by later building in the centre of Bridgnorth but its line can be
identified along Wenlock Lane to the A458.
This road overlies it as it heads west to Morville and crosses the Mor
Brook by the Ash Bridge. Ash Bridge (SO666942) Corfield
(SO573915) From the bridge, the route roughly
follows the line of the modern B4368 through Aston Eyre, Monkhopton and
Weston. Corfield (SO573915) Beambridge
(SO532881) At this point, the route leaves the B4368
and heads south-west along the south bank of the River Corve. It follows a minor road for much of the way
and crosses the Trow Brook at SO536884 where its presence has been confirmed
by excavation. Beambridge (SO532881) Newington
(SO433836) The route crosses the River Corve at this
point and follows the line of the B4368 through Munslow, Aston Munslow,
Corfton and Greenway Cross to Halford Vicarage (SO440829). At this point it headed north-west to
Newington. Newington (SO433836) Bishops Castle
(SO325883) The route crosses the River Onny at this
point and then follows the line of Long Lane, crossing the Roman road from
Viroconium to Bravonium. It continues
along the minor road through Basford to Red House Bridge, where it changes
direction and heads north-west along Stank Lane to join the B4385 just before
Bishops Castle. Bishops Castle (SO325883) Offas Dyke
(SO258895) The route follows the B4385 until it
turns right, continuing straight on along Kerry Lane. As the name suggests, this
was also the route of the Kerry Ridgeway. The Roman road follows the line of
the minor road, which becomes a sunken lane, over Moat Hill to Bishops Moat
(SO289895). Here it forked, with one branch crossing the county boundary and
heading north-west to Forden Gaer. The other continued due west to Caer Sws
and was later crossed by Offa's Dyke at the county boundary. 9) Greensforge to Uxacona (Redhill) This road would have linked an important marching
camp at Greensforge with Watling Street and all its connections. Greensforge (SO86268857) Sutton Maddock
(SJ731020) The route enters Shropshire at Long
Common (SO826937) and follows the county boundary for a short distance to
Hillend (SO810950). It then continues along a track and minor road to join
the B4176 at Upper Ludstone. Shortly after this, the B4176 crosses the
Stratford Brook and this name suggests a crossing of a Roman road. The route
continues to follow the B4176 in a number of straight segments to just east
of Sutton Maddock. Sutton Maddock (SJ731020) Uxacona
(SJ723108) The route from here to Uxacona is not
obvious but it may have passed through Kemberton and along the minor road
from Knowlbank (SJ 734089) to Watling Street (SJ731108). 10)Viroconium
Sutton Maddock This
road linked to the road from Greensforge to Uxacona and would give legions
based at Greensforge a quick route into North Wales. Viroconium
(SJ566093)
Rushton (SJ607081) The
route follows a field boundary from the gate at Viroconium, a track from
Beslow (SJ580084) and a minor road from Charlton Hill (SJ591082).
A Roman altar was found at Rushton so there may have been a settlement here
for workers at the Wrekin limekilns. Rushton
(SJ607081) Little Wenlock (SJ646070) The
route roughly follows the line of a minor road to Rose Cottage (SJ614077) and
then crosses the flank of the Wrekin along a track and field boundary to
Spout Lane (SJ 621069). From there, it follows the minor road to
Little Wenlock. Little
Wenlock (SJ646070) Sutton Maddock (SJ731020) The
route follows the B5061 to Horsehay, where it turned south-east via Dawley to
Sutton Maddock. The route through Telford has been destroyed by past mining
activity and modern construction. 11)Viroconium
Shelve Mining Area This road was
called Salters Way and allowed lead from the mines to be brought to
Viroconium. There was no connection to
salt as salter was an old term for a lead smelter. Viroconium (SJ566093) Exfordsgreen
(SJ460061) The route followed the road from
Viroconium to Levobrinta as far as Kingstreet (SJ520075). Here it branched
off west and roughly followed the line of minor roads to Allfield (SJ503070)
and then via Hunger Hill to Exfordsgreen. Exfordsgreen (SJ460061) Pontesford
(SJ410065) The route continues to roughly follow the
line of a minor road west to Longden (SJ441063), where it continues via a
track and footpath to join a minor road at Plealey (SJ425067). It then
follows the minor road to Pontesford. Pontesford (SJ410065) Shelve (SO336990) The route from here is not clear but it
probably followed the line of modern roads to Poles Coppice (SJ392048) and
then via tracks to Snailbeach Mine (SJ374021). From here, it probably
followed the line of the minor road through Stiperstones village to Pennerley
and Shelve. It is believed that Shelve
was a centre for the local lead mining and other roads probably existed to
mines at Roman Gravels (SO333999) and Grit (SO327982). In addition, there was
probably a road to link with the Linley Mining area but the route of this is
not known.
This was a short road linking Watling
Street West and the road from Marshbrook to Ariconium. The route leaves
Watling Street West at Shelderton (SO402768) and follows the line of the
minor road through Shelderton Rock, Green Lane and Whittytree to Onibury
(SO454792). A ford that crossed the
River Onny here was still clearly visible in 1960 and just beyond this is the
junction with the road from Marshbrook. 12)Stretford Bridge
Marching Camp - Wall Town Fort
Salinae (Droitwich) This road was probably built to allow
fast movement of the legions into North Wales. The exact route is not known
but, from Stretford Bridge Marching Camp (SO429841), it probably went via the
A49 south to Ludlow, A4117 to Cleobury Mortimer and B4363 to Wall Town Fort (SO692782). From here,
the route follows the B4363 and B4194 to the county boundary at Dowles
(SO773767) in the direction of Salinae (SO8963). 13)Mediolanum Fort (Whitchurch) Condate
(Northwich) - Glannoventa (Ravenglass) This was part of Iter X in the Antonine
Itineraries and continued to Glannoventa. It presumably linked the remote
frontier fort at Glannoventa with Viroconium and the rest of Britain. It
leaves the Viroconium Deva road at Mediolanum Fort (SJ541416) and
follows Tarporley Road to the A49. It follows the A49 north-east to the
county border at Willey Moor (SJ39464), in the direction of Condate (SJ655736). 14)Broome Quarry Pitchford It has been suggested that a Roman road
existed from a sandstone quarry near Broome (SO521981), through Causewaywood
to meet Watling Street West. Instead of Watling Street West, a possible route
from the quarry follows a minor road north-east through Causewaywood, Ruckley
and Acton Burnell to join the Viroconium Bravonium road at Pitchford
(SJ530032). 15)Grinshill Quarry Moreton Corbet It has been suggested that a Roman road
existed from a sandstone quarry at Grinshill (SJ523237). The route probably followed the line of the
footpath from the quarry to a minor road (SJ527235) and crossed the A49
road. The route from here has been
built upon by Acton Reynald School but then follows the line of the minor
road from (SJ539234) to the Roman road at Moreton Corbet (SJ557234). 16)Watling Street Pave Lane It has been suggested that a Roman road
existed between Watling Street at Burlington (SJ784109) and Pave Lane
(SJ760165). A possible route would be
following the line of the A41 from Watling Street to Woodcote (SJ773150) and then
along tracks to Pave Lane. A road bearing the name of Pave Lane, leading
through Chetwynd Aston to Newport, is marked on the OS map as a Roman
road. However, there is no other
evidence and no reason for a road to go to Pave Lane at that time so it is
unlikely that it existed.
It has been suggested that that a Roman
road existed between Oxon (SJ458139) and Ford (SJ416131) and that a stretch
of road labelled as Roman appeared on maps between 1882-1927. The road in question
was actually that running from Sharpstone Hill to Llanymynech and it bypassed
Oxon to the south rather than going to it. 18) Robertsford
- Duncote Farm It has been suggested that that a Roman
road existed between crossings of the River Severn at Robertsford (SJ520118)
and River Tern at Duncote Farm (SJ570114). There is no evidence and the
suggested route is tenuous, following a few parish boundaries. It is unlikely to have existed. 19) Viroconium West It has been suggested that that a Roman road
ran west from Viroconium and crossed the River Severn at Atcham (SJ540092).
There is no evidence and it is unlikely to have existed. 20) Morton Common Redwith It has been
suggested that the minor road running south from Morton Common (SJ295250) to Redwith
(SJ286211) was a Roman road. There is no evidence and it is unlikely to have
existed. |
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